美国女子高等教育发展中的观念之争(1870—1920年)*

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

1870—1920年是美国女子高等教育从试验到扩张的关键期,人们围绕男女同校是否危害女性健康、女大学生婚育率下降是否会造成种族自杀、性别化课程是否合理等问题展开了三次大规模争论。一方以女性的生理特征为由反对男女同校,提倡培养贤妻良母,主张女性学习与其性别相适应的课程;另一方从经验事实和女性的社会角色出发支持男女同校,反对固化女性性别角色,主张男女学习同样的课程,享受平等的受教育权。争论表达了不同群体对女子高等教育形式、目的和内容的不同看法,折射了性别的生理决定论和社会建构论之间的冲突。争论促进了美国女子高等教育观念的变革和实践的发展,间接推动了美国女性社会性别角色的转变,最终促进了美国高等教育的现代转型。

关键词: 男女同校, 女性健康, 种族自杀, 学科领域“女性化”, 家政学

Abstract:

From 1870 to 1920, women’s higher education in the United States was a critical period from experimentation to expansion. People conducted three major debates on whether co-education harmed women’s health, whether the decline in the marriage and childbirth rate of female college students would cause racial suicide, and whether gendered courses were reasonable. One side opposes coeducational schools on the grounds of women’s biological characteristics, advocates the cultivation of good wives and mothers, and advocates that women learn courses appropriate to their gender; the other side supports coeducational schools based on empirical facts and women’s social roles, and opposes the solidification of women’s gender roles, advocating that men and women study the same courses and enjoy equal rights to education. The debate expresses the different views of different groups on the form, purpose, and content of women’s higher education, and reflects the conflict between biological determinism and social constructionism of gender. The debate has promoted the change of the concept of women’s higher education and the development of practice, indirectly promoted the transformation of women’s gender roles, and finally promoted the modern transformation of American higher education.

Key words: coeducation, women’s health, race suicide, feminization of disciplines, home economics

中图分类号:

G649

姜玉杰, 李子江. 美国女子高等教育发展中的观念之争(1870—1920年)*[J]. 教育科学, 2022, 38(6): 67-75.

Jiang Yujie, Li Zijiang. Conflicts of Ideas in the Development of American Women’s Higher Education From 1870 to 1920[J]. Education Science, 2022, 38(6): 67-75.

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