权威的场域:美国学校天花疫苗强制接种活动的开展*

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

美国在学校内强制学生接种天花疫苗不能仅仅被视为一项关心儿童福利的医学进步措施,其更是政府、医生、反强制接种疫苗者争夺与维护权威的结果。通过梳理美国学校天花疫苗强制接种活动的过程,可以发现政府是推动学校天花疫苗强制接种活动的主要力量,反对声则从最初质疑疫苗安全聚焦到维护个人自由。最终,维护健康不再是个人事务,政府在推行强制接种疫苗的过程中建立起对个人身体的社会权威,并通过重释“自由”概念获得文化权威,从而进一步加强了对个人的管控,深刻影响着国家与个人之间的关系。

关键词: 强制疫苗接种, 天花, 教育, 权威

Abstract:

The mandatory vaccination of students against smallpox in U.S. schools cannot be regarded merely as a medical advancement aimed at promoting child welfare; rather, it was the result of struggles among the government, physicians, and anti-mandatory vaccination activists to assert and safeguard authority. An examination of the process of implementing mandatory smallpox vaccination programs in U.S. schools reveals that the government served as the primary driving force behind these initiatives, while opposition evolved from early concerns about vaccine safety to a later emphasis on defending individual liberty. Ultimately, the protection of health ceased to be a purely individual matter. In the process of enforcing mandatory vaccination, the government established a form of social authority over individual bodies, and by reinterpreting the concept of “freedom,” it also acquired cultural authority. Together, these forms of authority further strengthened governmental control over individuals and profoundly reshaped the relationship between the state and the individual.

Key words: mandatory vaccination, smallpox, education, authority

中图分类号:

G451.2

王昕璐, 张斌贤. 权威的场域:美国学校天花疫苗强制接种活动的开展^*[J]. 教育科学, 2025, 41(6): 78-86.

Wang Xinlu, Zhang Binxian. A Field of Authority: The Implementation of Mandatory Smallpox Vaccination Programs in U.S. Schools[J]. Education Science, 2025, 41(6): 78-86.

参考文献 35

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权威的场域:美国学校天花疫苗强制接种活动的开展^*

A Field of Authority: The Implementation of Mandatory Smallpox Vaccination Programs in U.S. Schools

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