我国幼儿自我控制的类型、发展特点及其教育建议*——基于潜在剖面分析

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在我国15省采用分层取样抽取3 544名幼儿,使用幼儿自我控制教师评定量表对其施测,运用潜在剖面分析和Logistic回归模型等方法,探讨幼儿自我控制类型及其发展特点。研究发现,我国幼儿自我控制可划分为三种类型:被动控制型、约束顺从型和自主控制型。小班幼儿以被动控制型和约束顺从型为主,小班下学期(3.5岁)被动控制型的占比开始下降。中班幼儿以约束顺从型为主,自主控制型的人数在增长,中班下学期(4.5岁)约束顺从型开始下降。大班幼儿约束顺从型和自主控制型的占比趋向平衡,大班下学期(5.5岁)自主控制型的占比快速上升。女童的被动控制型比例显著低于男童的被动控制型比例,而女童的自我控制水平比男童的自我控制水平高。建议教师和家长,针对幼儿自我控制三种类型的特征和3.5~4岁、4.5~5岁幼儿自我控制类型发展的敏感期进行培养。

关键词: 幼儿, 自我控制类型, 类型发展特点, 潜在剖面分析, Logistic回归模型

Abstract:

In order to explore the self-control types and development characteristics of young children, 3,544 preschoolers were selected from 15 provinces in China by stratified sampling. The “Teacher Rating Scale for Young Children’s Self-Control” was, and the latent profile analysis and logistic regression model were applied in this study. The study found that the self-control of Chinese preschoolers can be divided into three types: passive control type, constraint and compliance type, and autonomous control type. Kindergarten 1 children are mainly passive control type and constraint compliance type, and the proportion of passive control type begins to decline in the second semester of Kindergarten 1 (3.5 years old). Kindergarten 2 children are mainly constraint compliance type, the number of autonomous control types is increasing, and the constraint compliance type begins to decline in the second semester of Kindergarten 2 (4.5 years old). Kindergarten 3 children tend to balance the proportion of constraint compliance type and autonomous control type, and the proportion of autonomous control type increases rapidly in the second semester of Kindergarten 3 (5.5 years old). The passive control rate of girls is significantly lower than that of boys, while girls have higher self-control levels than boys. It is recommended that teachers and parents cultivate children’s self-control characteristics based on the three types of self-control and the sensitive period of self-control habit development of children aged 3.5~4 and 4.5~5.

Key words: preschooler, self-control type, developmental characteristics of types, latent profile analysis, logistic regression model

中图分类号:

G612

杨丽珠, 刘舒宜, 何明影. 我国幼儿自我控制的类型、发展特点及其教育建议^*——基于潜在剖面分析[J]. 教育科学, 2025, 41(1): 51-59.

Yang Lizhu, Liu Shuyi, He Mingying. Types, Developmental Characteristics, and Educational Recommendations of Self-Control in Young Children in China: Based on Latent Profile Analysis[J]. Education Science, 2025, 41(1): 51-59.

图/表 8

表1

表2

图1

表3

幼儿自我控制三种类型在四维度得分上的方差分析表"

自我控制类型	N	自觉性	坚持性	冲动抑制性	自我延迟满足
类型1	688(19.4%)	2.44±0.47	2.35±0.42	2.47±0.50	2.59±0.47
类型2	1 793(50.6%)	3.34±0.49	3.18±0.43	3.25±0.47	3.57±0.43
类型3	1 063(30.0%)	4.05±0.52	4.07±0.45	4.08±0.49	4.44±0.37
$F (2, 3541)$		2 220.47^***	3 383.12^***	2 372.66^***	4 111.26^***
事后检验		1<2<3	1<2<3	1<2<3	1<2<3
效应量( $η p 2$ )		0.556	0.656	0.573	0.699

表3

表4

图2

表5

表6

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	小班(3~4岁)	中班(4~5岁)	大班(5~6岁)	合计
男	614	761	541	1 916
女	520	624	484	1 628
合计	1 134	1 385	1 025	3 544

	K=1	K=2	K=3	K=4
AIC	90 580.43	85 321.89	83 223.19	82 288.04
BIC	90 629.81	85 402.14	83 334.29	82 430.02
aBIC	90 604.39	85 360.83	83 277.10	82 356.93
Entropy	—	0.81	0.82	0.81
LMR(p值)	—	<0.001	<0.001	0.133 6
BLRT(p值)	—	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

	3~3.5	3.5~4	4~4.5	4.5~5	5~5.5	5.5~6
第1类(n=688)	97(27.87%)	154(23.99%)	135(21.13%)	97(14.74%)	106(17.12%)	99(15.52%)
第2类(n=1 793)	177(50.86%)	335(52.18%)	344(53.83%)	364(55.32%)	308(49.76%)	265(41.53%)
第3类(n=1 063)	74(21.27%)	153(23.83%)	160(25.04%)	197(29.94%)	205(33.12%)	274(42.95%)
总计(n=3 544)	348(100.00%)	642(100.00%)	639(100.00%)	658(100.00%)	619(100.00%)	638(100.00%)

	小班	中班	大班	男	女
类型1	280(24.7%)	234(16.9%)	174(17.0%)	447	241
类型2	600(52.9%)	741(53.5%)	452(44.1%)	945	848
类型3	254(22.4%)	410(29.6%)	399(38.9%)	524	539
总计	1 134(100%)	1 385(100%)	1 025(100%)	1 916	1 628

因变量类型参照	自变量	b	SE		x²		df	Exp(B)
类型1(被动控制型)	小班	0.93	0.13		54.01^***		1	2.53
	中班	0.26	0.12		4.37^*		1	1.29
	大班(基线)	0					0
	中班	0.67	0.12		31.30^***		1	0.51
	小班(基线)	0					0
	男生	0.65	0.10		41.00^***		1	1.92
	女生(基线)	0					0
类型2(约束顺从型)	小班	0.74		0.10		52.30^***	1	2.09
	中班	0.47		0.09		25.34^***	1	1.59
	大班(基线)	0					0
	中班	0.27		0.10		7.78^***	1	0.76
	小班(基线)	0					0
	男生	0.14		0.08		2.99	1	1.15
	女生(基线)	0					0