教育科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (1): 39-45.

• 课程与教学研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

批判实在论科学知识观及其对中小学科学教育的启示*

陈滕心, 王克志, 李小红   

  1. 北京师范大学 中国基础教育质量监测协同创新中心, 北京 100875
  • 出版日期:2026-01-15 发布日期:2026-05-18
  • 通讯作者: 李小红(1976- ),女,重庆梁平人,北京师范大学中国基础教育质量监测协同创新中心监测实施与结果应用部主任,教授,博士生导师,主要从事科学教育与STEM教育、教师发展、课程与教学等研究。
  • 作者简介:陈滕心(1997- ),男,江苏苏州人,北京师范大学中国基础教育质量监测协同创新中心博士生,主要从事课程与教学、科学教育研究;
    王克志(1995- ),女,浙江嵊州人,北京师范大学中国基础教育质量监测协同创新中心博士生,主要从事课程与教学、科学教育研究。
  • 基金资助:
    *北京市社会科学基金项目“基于小学科学的STEM课程开发模式建构与实施效果评价研究”(24JYB011)

The View of Scientific Knowledge in Critical Realism and Its Implications for Science Education in Primary and Secondary Schools

Chen Tengxin, Wang Kezhi, Li Xiaohong   

  1. Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
  • Online:2026-01-15 Published:2026-05-18

摘要:

科学知识是科学教育的核心内容,不同的科学知识观直接影响着科学教育观和教学实践样态。推动科学教育的改革与发展需不断澄清科学知识观这一基本命题。为调和实证主义和建构主义科学知识观的理论矛盾及其引发的实践困顿,罗伊·巴斯卡提出的批判实在论科学知识观以一种批判的视角对两种主义的合理成分进行有机整合。该理论主张,科学知识源于可认识的客观世界,但具有相对真理性;科学知识的获得是基于证据和推理且根植于社会建构;科学知识的价值包含认知与非认知两个维度。批判实在论科学知识观有助于深化学生对科学知识的理解,推动开展有深度的科学知识教学;丰富学生科学学习的方式,实现知识建构与科学探究的有机结合;拓展科学思维的培育路径,引导学生辩证应对复杂社会性科学议题。

关键词: 科学知识观, 批判实在论, 中小学科学教育, 实证主义, 建构主义

Abstract:

Scientific knowledge is the core content of science education. Different views on scientific knowledge directly influence the perspectives on science education and the forms of teaching practices. To promote the reform and development of science education, it is essential to continuously clarify the fundamental concept of the view on scientific knowledge. To reconcile the theoretical contradictions between the Positivism and Constructivism views on scientific knowledge and the practical difficulties, Roy Bhaskar’s Critical Realism view on scientific knowledge organically integrates the reasonable components of the two views with the critical perspective. This theory holds that scientific knowledge originates from the objectively knowable world but has relative truth; the acquisition of scientific knowledge is based on evidence and reasoning and rooted in social construction; the value of scientific knowledge includes both cognitive and non-cognitive dimensions. The critical realism view on scientific knowledge helps deepen students’ understanding of scientific knowledge, promote in-depth teaching of scientific knowledge, enriches the ways students engage in scientific learning, and achieves an organic combination of knowledge construction and scientific inquiry. It also broadens the pathways for cultivating scientific thinking and guides students in dialectically addressing complex social science issues.

Key words: view on scientific knowledge, Critical Realism, science education in primary and secondary schools, Positivism, Constructivism

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